Human Physiology – The Digestive System (Part 4)

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🔬 Human Physiology – The Digestive System (Part 4)

😷 Common Disorders of the Digestive System

Despite its efficiency, the digestive system can suffer from various disorders. These can range from minor issues like indigestion to more severe conditions that impact nutrient absorption and overall health.

⚠️ 1. Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

  • Cause: Improper secretion of digestive enzymes or acid, overeating, spicy food, or stress.

  • Symptoms: Bloating, nausea, discomfort, and gas.

  • Management: Eating light meals, avoiding irritants, antacids.

⚠️ 2. Constipation

  • Cause: Poor dietary fiber, low water intake, sedentary lifestyle.

  • Symptoms: Hard, dry stools and difficulty in defecation.

  • Management: Fiber-rich diet, adequate hydration, physical activity.

⚠️ 3. Diarrhoea

  • Cause: Infection (bacteria/virus), food intolerance, or medication.

  • Symptoms: Frequent loose stools, dehydration.

  • Management: Oral rehydration therapy (ORS), rest, sometimes antibiotics.

⚠️ 4. Vomiting (Emesis)

  • Cause: Irritation of stomach lining, toxins, motion sickness.

  • Process: A reflex action controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla.

  • Management: Anti-emetics, fluid intake to prevent dehydration.

⚠️ 5. Jaundice

  • Cause: Excess bilirubin in blood due to liver dysfunction.

  • Symptoms: Yellowing of skin and eyes, dark urine.

  • Management: Depends on cause (hepatitis, bile duct blockage, etc.)

⚠️ 6. Liver Cirrhosis

  • Cause: Chronic alcohol consumption, hepatitis infections.

  • Effect: Liver tissue replaced by scar tissue, leading to failure.

  • Management: Avoid alcohol, medical treatment, liver transplant in extreme cases.

⚠️ 7. Gallstones

  • Cause: Cholesterol crystallization in bile.

  • Effect: Block bile ducts, cause pain or infection.

  • Treatment: Medication or surgical removal of gallbladder.

⚠️ 8. Appendicitis

  • Cause: Inflammation of the appendix due to blockage or infection.

  • Symptoms: Pain in lower right abdomen, fever, nausea.

  • Treatment: Surgical removal (appendectomy).

🌿 Nutritional and Absorptive Disorders

⚠️ 1. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

  • Common in children, especially in underdeveloped countries.

a) Marasmus

  • Cause: Overall calorie deficiency.

  • Symptoms: Extreme emaciation, muscle wasting, stunted growth.

b) Kwashiorkor

  • Cause: Protein deficiency despite adequate calorie intake.

  • Symptoms: Swollen belly (edema), dermatitis, lethargy.

🧠 Summary – Key Concepts Recap

Component Role in Digestion
Mouth Mechanical & chemical digestion begins (saliva)
Stomach Protein digestion begins, churns food into chyme
Small Intestine Major site for digestion & absorption
Liver Produces bile for fat emulsification
Pancreas Secretes enzymes for digestion of all macronutrients
Large Intestine Absorbs water, forms feces

🧪 NEET PYQs – Digestive Disorders

  1. Swelling of abdomen in a child with protein-deficiency is a symptom of:

    • A) Marasmus

    • B) Kwashiorkor

    • C) Anaemia

    • D) Rickets
      ✅ Answer: B) Kwashiorkor

  2. Deficiency of which nutrient causes Marasmus?

    • A) Protein

    • B) Carbohydrate

    • C) Overall calories

    • D) Vitamins
      ✅ Answer: C) Overall calories

  3. Which organ produces bile?

    • A) Pancreas

    • B) Liver

    • C) Gallbladder

    • D) Small Intestine
      ✅ Answer: B) Liver

  4. Which of the following is stored in the gallbladder?

    • A) Gastric juice

    • B) Pancreatic juice

    • C) Bile

    • D) Insulin
      ✅ Answer: C) Bile

📚 Conclusion – Human Physiology: Digestive System

Congratulations! 🎉 You've now mastered the entire digestive system in four comprehensive parts:

  1. Alimentary canal structure and digestion overview

  2. Absorption and nutrient transport

  3. Glands and hormones

  4. Digestive disorders and complete summary

This knowledge forms the foundation of NEET Biology and helps you understand the physiological basis of nutrition and health.

📘 Keep learning with us at:


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