Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination – Part 4

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✅ Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination – Part 4

🔍 NEET PYQs (Q26 to Q50) with Detailed Solutions

Q26. The excretory product in birds is:

A) Urea
B) Ammonia
C) Creatinine
D) Uric acid

✅ Answer: D) Uric acid
🧠 Explanation: Birds are uricotelic — they conserve water by excreting nitrogen in the form of uric acid, which is excreted as a paste or solid.

Q27. Which part of the nephron absorbs maximum water?

A) Loop of Henle
B) Collecting duct
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Proximal convoluted tubule

✅ Answer: D) Proximal convoluted tubule
🧠 Explanation: Nearly 70% of water is reabsorbed in the PCT through passive reabsorption along with solutes.

Q28. Which hormone controls reabsorption of water in the kidneys?

A) Thyroxine
B) Aldosterone
C) ADH
D) Insulin

✅ Answer: C) ADH
🧠 Explanation: ADH (vasopressin) increases permeability of the collecting duct, helping in reabsorption of water, thus reducing urine volume.

Q29. The condition where excess glucose is excreted in urine is:

A) Glucosuria
B) Hematuria
C) Proteinuria
D) Ketosis

✅ Answer: A) Glucosuria
🧠 Explanation: Seen in diabetes mellitus, where blood glucose exceeds renal threshold (~180 mg/dL), leading to its presence in urine.

Q30. Which of the following is not a part of the renal corpuscle?

A) Glomerulus
B) Bowman’s capsule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Afferent arteriole

✅ Answer: C) Loop of Henle
🧠 Explanation: The renal corpuscle = glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule. Loop of Henle is part of the renal tubule, not the corpuscle.

Q31. Which nitrogenous waste requires the least water for excretion?

A) Ammonia
B) Urea
C) Uric acid
D) Creatinine

✅ Answer: C) Uric acid
🧠 Explanation: Uric acid is excreted as solid/semi-solid paste, needing minimal water, ideal for land reptiles and birds.

Q32. Which component is reabsorbed actively in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle?

A) Water
B) Sodium ions
C) Glucose
D) Urea

✅ Answer: B) Sodium ions
🧠 Explanation: The ascending limb is impermeable to water but actively transports Na⁺ and Cl⁻, crucial for counter-current mechanism.

Q33. The counter-current mechanism operates in:

A) Glomerulus and PCT
B) PCT and DCT
C) Loop of Henle and vasa recta
D) DCT and collecting duct

✅ Answer: C) Loop of Henle and vasa recta
🧠 Explanation: These structures maintain the osmolarity gradient in the renal medulla, helping concentrate urine.

Q34. Kidney stones are commonly formed by:

A) Sodium bicarbonate
B) Uric acid and oxalates
C) Glycine
D) Phosphates only

✅ Answer: B) Uric acid and oxalates
🧠 Explanation: Renal calculi often contain calcium oxalate or uric acid crystals, leading to obstruction and pain.

Q35. Which of the following processes does not occur in PCT?

A) Glucose reabsorption
B) Urea reabsorption
C) Sodium ion reabsorption
D) Creatinine reabsorption

✅ Answer: D) Creatinine reabsorption
🧠 Explanation: Creatinine is neither reabsorbed nor secreted in PCT—it is directly excreted.

Q36. The yellow color of urine is due to:

A) Bile pigments
B) Urobilinogen
C) Urea
D) Uric acid

✅ Answer: B) Urobilinogen
🧠 Explanation: Urobilinogen, formed from bilirubin, gives urine its characteristic yellow color.

Q37. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

A) PCT
B) DCT
C) Ascending limb of Henle
D) Descending limb of Henle

✅ Answer: C) Ascending limb of Henle
🧠 Explanation: This limb allows solute reabsorption but not water, essential for forming the osmotic gradient.

Q38. Diabetes insipidus is caused due to:

A) High blood sugar
B) Excess insulin
C) Lack of ADH
D) Kidney infection

✅ Answer: C) Lack of ADH
🧠 Explanation: This leads to excessive dilute urine (polyuria) and intense thirst (polydipsia).

Q39. What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A) Nephron
B) Bowman’s capsule
C) Ureter
D) Glomerulus

✅ Answer: A) Nephron
🧠 Explanation: Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Q40. Which of these is excreted in urine?

A) Hemoglobin
B) Creatinine
C) RBCs
D) Plasma proteins

✅ Answer: B) Creatinine
🧠 Explanation: Creatinine is a metabolic waste product of muscle metabolism and is normally present in urine.

Q41. ADH acts mainly on:

A) PCT
B) DCT
C) Collecting duct
D) Loop of Henle

✅ Answer: C) Collecting duct
🧠 Explanation: ADH increases the water permeability of collecting duct cells, allowing more water reabsorption.

Q42. The glomerulus is enclosed by:

A) Loop of Henle
B) Bowman’s capsule
C) Collecting duct
D) DCT

✅ Answer: B) Bowman’s capsule
🧠 Explanation: The Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus, forming the renal corpuscle.

Q43. The liquid entering Bowman’s capsule is:

A) Plasma
B) Urine
C) Glomerular filtrate
D) Lymph

✅ Answer: C) Glomerular filtrate
🧠 Explanation: It is a protein-free plasma ultrafiltrate that enters Bowman’s capsule.

Q44. Nephron is made up of:

A) Glomerulus + Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus + Renal tubule
C) Bowman’s capsule + Loop of Henle
D) None of these

✅ Answer: B) Glomerulus + Renal tubule
🧠 Explanation: The nephron consists of a glomerulus for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption/secretion.

Q45. Which hormone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption in kidney?

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Renin
D) ANF

✅ Answer: B) Aldosterone
🧠 Explanation: It increases Na⁺ reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct, which also causes water retention.

Q46. Which organ helps in excretion of bilirubin?

A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Skin
D) Lungs

✅ Answer: A) Liver
🧠 Explanation: The liver breaks down hemoglobin to bilirubin, which is excreted in bile.

Q47. Renal calculi is:

A) Kidney infection
B) Inflammation of nephrons
C) Stones in kidneys
D) Blockage of glomeruli

✅ Answer: C) Stones in kidneys
🧠 Explanation: Renal calculi or kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals.

Q48. The term micturition refers to:

A) Formation of urine
B) Reabsorption
C) Secretion
D) Urination

✅ Answer: D) Urination
🧠 Explanation: Micturition is the process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder.

Q49. The blood vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus is:

A) Afferent arteriole
B) Efferent arteriole
C) Renal vein
D) Vasa recta

✅ Answer: B) Efferent arteriole
🧠 Explanation: Blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole, which is narrower than the afferent one.

Q50. The main nitrogenous waste in humans is:

A) Ammonia
B) Uric acid
C) Urea
D) Creatinine

✅ Answer: C) Urea
🧠 Explanation: Humans are ureotelic, and urea is the primary nitrogenous waste, excreted in urine.

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