Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination – Part 3

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🐾 Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination – Part 3

🌍 Excretion in Other Organisms + Human Accessory Organs

🐸 Excretion in Different Animals

Various organisms have evolved different excretory structures based on their body type, habitat, and physiology.

Organism Excretory Structure Type of Waste
Protozoa (Amoeba) Contractile vacuole Ammonia
Platyhelminthes Flame cells (protonephridia) Ammonia
Annelids (Earthworm) Nephridia Urea
Insects (Cockroach) Malpighian tubules Uric acid
Crustaceans Green glands Ammonia
Reptiles, Birds Cloaca + uricotelic nature Uric acid
Mammals (Humans) Kidneys Urea

🔍 Many aquatic animals are ammonotelic (dilutes easily in water)
Land animals prefer ureotelism or uricotelism to conserve water

🌬️ Role of Other Human Organs in Excretion

Even though kidneys are the main excretory organs, other organs assist in waste elimination.

🫁 Lungs

  • Excrete CO₂ and water vapour

  • Important in maintaining acid-base balance

🧠 Liver

  • Converts toxic ammonia to urea

  • Produces bile pigments from hemoglobin breakdown (excreted in feces)

🧴 Skin

  • Sweat glands remove NaCl, urea, and water

  • Plays role in thermoregulation

💅 Salivary Glands & Tears

  • Can eliminate small amounts of waste but not significant for nitrogenous excretion

⚠️ Excretory System Disorders

When kidneys or excretory structures malfunction, waste starts to accumulate — leading to severe health problems.

🧪 1. Uremia

  • Excess urea in blood due to kidney failure

  • Can be fatal if untreated

  • Managed by dialysis or kidney transplant

🛏️ 2. Renal Failure

  • Complete or partial failure of kidneys

  • Treated with:

    • Hemodialysis

    • Peritoneal dialysis

    • Kidney transplant

🧫 3. Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

  • Crystalline uric acid/calcium oxalate deposits

  • Cause pain, urinary blockage

  • Managed with surgery or lithotripsy

💧 4. Glomerulonephritis

  • Inflammation of glomeruli

  • Caused by infections or autoimmune diseases

  • Leads to proteinuria and hematuria

🌊 5. Diabetes Insipidus

  • Due to ADH deficiency

  • Causes excessive dilute urine and dehydration

👩‍⚕️ Hemodialysis – Artificial Kidney

When kidneys fail, dialysis is used to purify the blood.

How it works:

  • Blood drawn from patient → passes through a dialyzer

  • Semi-permeable membrane allows wastes (urea, creatinine) to diffuse out

  • Clean blood is returned to the body

📍 Usually done 2–3 times/week

NEET PYQs – Excretion in Other Organisms & Disorders

  1. The organ of excretion in cockroach is:
    A) Nephridia
    B) Malpighian tubules
    C) Green glands
    D) Kidneys
    ✅ Answer: B) Malpighian tubules

  2. Flame cells are found in:
    A) Annelida
    B) Arthropoda
    C) Platyhelminthes
    D) Mollusca
    ✅ Answer: C) Platyhelminthes

  3. Which is not an excretory organ in humans?
    A) Liver
    B) Skin
    C) Heart
    D) Lungs
    ✅ Answer: C) Heart

  4. Dialysis is required when the patient is suffering from:
    A) Arthritis
    B) Kidney failure
    C) Liver cirrhosis
    D) Diabetes
    ✅ Answer: B) Kidney failure

🔁 Recap of Part 3

  • Excretion methods vary across animal groups

  • Skin, lungs, liver play secondary roles in human excretion

  • Common disorders include uremia, kidney stones, nephritis

  • Dialysis is life-saving for renal failure patients

📘 Explore more NEET Biology breakdowns here:

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